An Artificial Concept (There's Nothing Ethical About It)
"I think this is an artificial concept and I'm not comfortable with it," says Trounson. "You do an engineering step to essentially destroy the embryo so that you can then use it."
'Ethical' Routes to Stem Cells Highlight Political Divide
Religious and ethical concerns are forcing researchers using human embryonic stem cells to seek ways to sidestep these issues. In a first attempt, biologists this week revealed details of two techniques for deriving the cells that do not involve the destruction of a viable embryo.
Both methods work in mice and, in principle, could be applied to human embryos. But scientists, ethicists and politicians are split over the merits of the two techniques.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells can develop into any tissue in the body, so have great potential for a range of therapies. And if they are cloned from a cell in the patient's body, the resulting cell line would genetically match that individual. This can be done using a technique dubbed 'therapeutic cloning', in which the nucleus from the donor cell is inserted into an egg stripped of its own genetic material. Earlier this year, researchers in South Korea became the first to use this method to derive human ES cells that genetically matched the patient (see Nature 435, 393; 2005).
But the ethical concerns inherent in destroying an embryo to create the cell lines are too much for some, especially religious groups, and many countries have restricted the research that can be done. In Germany, for example, the use of ES cell lines created since January 2002 is illegal and carries a penalty of up to three years in jail. And in the United States, federal funds for ES cell work is only available for a handful of cell lines derived before August 2001.
But there is currently heated debate on the issue in the US Senate, where lawmakers are considering loosening the restrictions. Some senators unhappy with those proposals have suggested that 'alternative' methods of deriving the cells, which don't requir e the destruction of viable embryos, could help to bridge the ethical divide (see Nature 436, 309; 2005).
Until now, such methods have been purely theoretical, but in work published online by Nature this week, two teams report their successful use in mice. Rudolf Jaenisch and Alexander Meissner of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology describe a variant of therapeutic cloning called altered nuclear transfer (ANT), in which a gene in the patient's donated cell is switched off before the nucleus is transferred into a fertilized egg. The resulting egg grows into a normal ball of cells called a blastocyst from which ES cells can be derived, but the deactivated gene means that the ball lacks the ability to implant in a uterus and so develop into a baby (A. Meissner and R. Jaenisch Nature doi:10.1038/nature04257; 2005).
In the other paper, a team led by Robert Lanza of Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, Massachusetts, plucked single cells called blastomeres from eight-cell embryos. They derived new ES cell lines from the blastomere, while the embryos went on to form apparently healthy mice (Y. Chung et al. Nature doi:10.1038/nature04277; 2005).
This method is similar to a technique used in in vitro fertilization (IVF) called preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), in which a blastomere is removed from the eight-cell embryo for genetic tests before it is implanted. The work by Lanza's team raises the possibility that fresh stem-cell lines could be derived from human embryos being used in IVF before they are transferred to the uterus.
Although the quality of the work is impressive, there is much disagreement over the ethical benefits of each strategy. Some scientists seem more convinced by the PGD method.
In the balance
"In my mind, this takes away the ethical dilemma of destroying embryos," says Alan Trounson, a reproductive biologist at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia.
There is currently a moratorium on therapeutic cloning in Australia, due for review at the end of this year, and Trounson has applied to the country's major medical funding agency to do similar work with human PGD embryos.
But there is the practical disadvantage that the resulting cell lines can come only from the embryos of couples undergoing IVF, so wouldn't be genetically matched to patients. And ethicists are troubled by the question of whether the extracted blastomere itself has the potential for life. "If you grow it in certain conditions, it could divide and differentiate to have the same properties as embryos," explains Yuri Verlinsky, chief executive of the Reproductive Genetics Institute in Chicago.
Although the number of successful births from PGD embryos indicates that removing a single cell early on doesn't compromise the baby, it is still possible that it might have subtle long-term consequences. "You are getting a live birth, but are you getting the same child you would otherwise get?" asks William Hurlbut, a consulting professor at Stanford University and a prominent advocate of ANT. "It is uncomfortable to me to endorse such a strategy."
Because of this, Hurlbut says that the PGD method is unlikely to get past the Dickey Amendment, which is passed by the US Congress every year and forbids federal funds being spent on experiments that endanger or destroy an embryo. And President George W. Bush's Council on Bioethics, on which Hurlbut sits, dismissed the idea earlier this year in a white paper on alternative means for deriving ES cells.
The ANT method of altering the genetic make-up of an embryo troubles some scientists, but seems more acceptable to conservative ethicists and religious figures. "I think this is an artificial concept and I'm not comfortable with it," says Trounson. "You do an engineering step to essentially destroy the embryo so that you can then use it." Because of this, some argue that ANT might itself fall foul of the Dickey Amendment.
George Daley of Harvard Medical School in Boston is also unconvinced, partly because the effects of the genetic modification don't kick in until the eight-cell stage. "A normal embryo and the embryo created by this method are indistinguishable until that stage," he says.
But Hurlbut maintains that the altered embryo has no moral status. "You have the embryonic equivalent of brain death," he says. "This changes the dynamic of the political debate," agrees analyst Eric Cohen of the Ethics and Public Policy Center in Washington DC.
Hurlbut is doing all he can to push ANT, and has compiled a public letter supporting it signed by scientists, ethicists and religious figures. And in August 2004, he persuaded William Levada, one of the most prominent Catholics in the United States, to write to President Bush encouraging him to consider the method. The president's bioethics council also gave the idea tentative support in its white paper.
Some observers warn against overreacting to the work. "If science gets us to the point where we don't need embryos any more that's fine, but right now policy-makers are making a huge mistake if they say 'we've got one paper and we'll make policy based on that'," says Sean Tipton of the Coalition for the Advancement of Medical Research in Washington DC.
And either way, the ethical debate over what constitutes life ? or the potential for life ? looks set to dog the field. "The challenge is to define what an embryo is," says Hurlbut. "We need to sort that out or we'll be having this argument all the way along."
Erika Check & Carina Dennis
http://www.nature.com/news/2005/051010/full/4371072b.html
'Ethical' Routes to Stem Cells Highlight Political Divide
Religious and ethical concerns are forcing researchers using human embryonic stem cells to seek ways to sidestep these issues. In a first attempt, biologists this week revealed details of two techniques for deriving the cells that do not involve the destruction of a viable embryo.
Both methods work in mice and, in principle, could be applied to human embryos. But scientists, ethicists and politicians are split over the merits of the two techniques.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells can develop into any tissue in the body, so have great potential for a range of therapies. And if they are cloned from a cell in the patient's body, the resulting cell line would genetically match that individual. This can be done using a technique dubbed 'therapeutic cloning', in which the nucleus from the donor cell is inserted into an egg stripped of its own genetic material. Earlier this year, researchers in South Korea became the first to use this method to derive human ES cells that genetically matched the patient (see Nature 435, 393; 2005).
But the ethical concerns inherent in destroying an embryo to create the cell lines are too much for some, especially religious groups, and many countries have restricted the research that can be done. In Germany, for example, the use of ES cell lines created since January 2002 is illegal and carries a penalty of up to three years in jail. And in the United States, federal funds for ES cell work is only available for a handful of cell lines derived before August 2001.
But there is currently heated debate on the issue in the US Senate, where lawmakers are considering loosening the restrictions. Some senators unhappy with those proposals have suggested that 'alternative' methods of deriving the cells, which don't requir e the destruction of viable embryos, could help to bridge the ethical divide (see Nature 436, 309; 2005).
Until now, such methods have been purely theoretical, but in work published online by Nature this week, two teams report their successful use in mice. Rudolf Jaenisch and Alexander Meissner of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology describe a variant of therapeutic cloning called altered nuclear transfer (ANT), in which a gene in the patient's donated cell is switched off before the nucleus is transferred into a fertilized egg. The resulting egg grows into a normal ball of cells called a blastocyst from which ES cells can be derived, but the deactivated gene means that the ball lacks the ability to implant in a uterus and so develop into a baby (A. Meissner and R. Jaenisch Nature doi:10.1038/nature04257; 2005).
In the other paper, a team led by Robert Lanza of Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, Massachusetts, plucked single cells called blastomeres from eight-cell embryos. They derived new ES cell lines from the blastomere, while the embryos went on to form apparently healthy mice (Y. Chung et al. Nature doi:10.1038/nature04277; 2005).
This method is similar to a technique used in in vitro fertilization (IVF) called preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), in which a blastomere is removed from the eight-cell embryo for genetic tests before it is implanted. The work by Lanza's team raises the possibility that fresh stem-cell lines could be derived from human embryos being used in IVF before they are transferred to the uterus.
Although the quality of the work is impressive, there is much disagreement over the ethical benefits of each strategy. Some scientists seem more convinced by the PGD method.
In the balance
"In my mind, this takes away the ethical dilemma of destroying embryos," says Alan Trounson, a reproductive biologist at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia.
There is currently a moratorium on therapeutic cloning in Australia, due for review at the end of this year, and Trounson has applied to the country's major medical funding agency to do similar work with human PGD embryos.
But there is the practical disadvantage that the resulting cell lines can come only from the embryos of couples undergoing IVF, so wouldn't be genetically matched to patients. And ethicists are troubled by the question of whether the extracted blastomere itself has the potential for life. "If you grow it in certain conditions, it could divide and differentiate to have the same properties as embryos," explains Yuri Verlinsky, chief executive of the Reproductive Genetics Institute in Chicago.
Although the number of successful births from PGD embryos indicates that removing a single cell early on doesn't compromise the baby, it is still possible that it might have subtle long-term consequences. "You are getting a live birth, but are you getting the same child you would otherwise get?" asks William Hurlbut, a consulting professor at Stanford University and a prominent advocate of ANT. "It is uncomfortable to me to endorse such a strategy."
Because of this, Hurlbut says that the PGD method is unlikely to get past the Dickey Amendment, which is passed by the US Congress every year and forbids federal funds being spent on experiments that endanger or destroy an embryo. And President George W. Bush's Council on Bioethics, on which Hurlbut sits, dismissed the idea earlier this year in a white paper on alternative means for deriving ES cells.
The ANT method of altering the genetic make-up of an embryo troubles some scientists, but seems more acceptable to conservative ethicists and religious figures. "I think this is an artificial concept and I'm not comfortable with it," says Trounson. "You do an engineering step to essentially destroy the embryo so that you can then use it." Because of this, some argue that ANT might itself fall foul of the Dickey Amendment.
George Daley of Harvard Medical School in Boston is also unconvinced, partly because the effects of the genetic modification don't kick in until the eight-cell stage. "A normal embryo and the embryo created by this method are indistinguishable until that stage," he says.
But Hurlbut maintains that the altered embryo has no moral status. "You have the embryonic equivalent of brain death," he says. "This changes the dynamic of the political debate," agrees analyst Eric Cohen of the Ethics and Public Policy Center in Washington DC.
Hurlbut is doing all he can to push ANT, and has compiled a public letter supporting it signed by scientists, ethicists and religious figures. And in August 2004, he persuaded William Levada, one of the most prominent Catholics in the United States, to write to President Bush encouraging him to consider the method. The president's bioethics council also gave the idea tentative support in its white paper.
Some observers warn against overreacting to the work. "If science gets us to the point where we don't need embryos any more that's fine, but right now policy-makers are making a huge mistake if they say 'we've got one paper and we'll make policy based on that'," says Sean Tipton of the Coalition for the Advancement of Medical Research in Washington DC.
And either way, the ethical debate over what constitutes life ? or the potential for life ? looks set to dog the field. "The challenge is to define what an embryo is," says Hurlbut. "We need to sort that out or we'll be having this argument all the way along."
Erika Check & Carina Dennis
http://www.nature.com/news/2005/051010/full/4371072b.html
posted by R7 | 10/17/2005 09:21:00 AM
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